Two separate working papers by Federal Reserve economists conclude that the two government-sponsored enterprises were not significantly responsible for the financial crisis of 2008, and that GSE mortgage standards had only a “modest impact” on loan terms in the years leading up to the mortgage meltdown. Fed economist Valentin Bolotnyy estimates that only 2.5 percent to 5.0 percent of additional credit to high-risk borrowers was made available to meet the GSEs’ Underserved Area Goals, a subset of the Affordable Housing Goals mandated by Congress in 1992. “The results suggest a small UAG effect and...